Visual Occlusion in Handball

I love using visual occlusion exercises in my handball goalkeeper coaching work. Over the years, this training method has become one of my favorite tools for developing the cognitive and sensory abilities that separate good goalkeepers from great ones.

At first sight, using an eye-patch drill in handball goalkeeper training might seem “weird”, or it might seem like a great idea, if you know exactly when and why you are doing it. The reaction I get from coaches who see these drills for the first time is usually one of two things: either skepticism (“Why would you cover a goalkeeper’s eyes?”) or immediate curiosity (“That makes so much sense, how do I implement it?”).

If you are someone who came across some of my coaching video or photo materials in which you saw me using eye-patches with my athletes, I decided to take a bit of time to explain in this blog post why I do some of these drills, and what visual occlusion in handball is all about.

I enjoy exploring, researching, analyzing, questioning, and investigating everything that I see in the handball coaching world, or in the coaching world overall in any sport. In that process, I find a lot of inspiration for my own coaching work, and I find a lot of really deep and valuable lessons about coaching. I appreciate when coaches find the time to explain exercises, drills, and ideas they share on their social media channels, on their websites, or anywhere else where they share their work.

More than once, I saw different videos on YouTube, Instagram or Facebook, where goalkeepers were reacting on shots or passes with partially or fully blindfolded eyes. And when you wonder about it, you could realize that a goalkeeper will never be in front of the goal with their eyes blindfolded, so you might think that’s a nonsense exercise to be used in goalkeeper training. Or, on the other hand, you might think that if your goalkeeper is able to save a shot or catch a pass while their eyes are blindfolded, then they will be even better in reacting on shots with their visual field fully available.

Whether you are in the group of the first or the second of above mentioned options, I thought it would be a great idea to “demystify” the use of fully or partially blindfolded exercises, and to explain what they are actually all about. This article will give you a solid foundation for understanding visual occlusion in handball and how to apply it effectively with your goalkeepers.

Key Takeaways

• Visual occlusion forces adaptation: When you limit visual input, the brain compensates by sharpening other senses including proprioception, vestibular awareness, and auditory processing. This makes goalkeepers more complete athletes.
• Start partial, progress gradually: Always introduce visual occlusion in handball training with an eye-patch on one eye, not full blindfolding. Build complexity slowly as goalkeepers adapt.
• The goal is sensory integration, not blindfolded saves: Visual occlusion training improves how the brain processes all sensory information, making goalkeepers better when they have full vision available.
• Timing matters for implementation: Off-season, pre-season, and lighter training days are ideal for introducing visual occlusion in handball goalkeeper work. Don’t add this stress during peak competition periods.
• Safety is non-negotiable: Always ensure the training environment is clear of obstacles before any visual occlusion exercises. A goalkeeper with limited vision needs a safe space to move.

What is Visual Occlusion?

If we are using an eye-patch, or a blindfold, or a hat that will partially or fully cover a goalkeeper’s vision, that’s called “visual occlusion”. The term simply refers to blocking or limiting visual information that would normally be available.

“Visual occlusion reduces players’ field of vision and directly affects their physical, technical and positional performance.”, as it’s explained in the research titled “Does training with visual occlusion improve technical skills in Under-14 football players?” done by Francesca D’Elia, Tiziana D’Isanto, Gaetano Altavilla, Giovanni Esposito, and Gaetano Raiola in 2023, in Italy.

What makes visual occlusion in handball particularly interesting is how it reveals the hidden processes happening in your goalkeeper’s brain during every save. Normally, we take vision for granted. We assume the eyes see the ball and the body reacts. But the reality is far more complex. The brain is constantly integrating information from multiple sensory systems, making predictions, and initiating movements based on partial information. Visual occlusion training exposes and strengthens these underlying processes.

The main benefit of visual occlusion exercises for handball goalkeepers is the significant improvement of their visual processing and decision-making abilities under pressure. By training with an eye patch and temporarily limiting their visual field, goalkeepers are forced to adapt by sharpening their remaining senses, including their depth perception, spatial awareness, and reaction time to dynamic visual stimuli.

This heightened sensory adaptation and cognitive processing enables goalkeepers to better anticipate and react to the fast-paced demands of the game, improving their performance on the court by making them more adept at predicting opponents’ moves, tracking the ball with reduced visual cues, and efficiently making split-second decisions. Essentially, visual occlusion in handball trains the brain to fill in the gaps, making goalkeepers more resilient and versatile in high-pressure situations.

The demands of the handball goalkeeper role require not just physical agility and strength but also exceptional cognitive abilities, including split-second decision-making, anticipation, and spatial awareness. Visual occlusion is gaining traction as an innovative training method for its profound ability to improve these cognitive aspects, which then further elevates the performance of handball goalkeepers.

Think of it this way: when you remove or limit one source of information (vision), the brain doesn’t simply operate with less. It actively compensates by processing other information more intensely. This compensation effect is what makes visual occlusion in handball such a powerful training tool. The adaptations that occur during occluded training carry over to normal conditions, giving goalkeepers an edge they wouldn’t develop through standard training alone.

What Happens in The Brain of an Athlete When You Close Their Eyes?

Closing the eyes of an athlete has a direct impact on their balance system, primarily due to how the brain integrates information from various sensory systems to maintain balance and spatial orientation. Understanding this neuroscience helps coaches appreciate why visual occlusion in handball works and how to apply it most effectively.

The Role of the Sensory Systems in Balance

The human balance system relies on the coordinated input from three main sources:

Visual System: Provides information about the body’s position in relation to the surrounding environment. It helps in adjusting posture to maintain balance. For goalkeepers, the visual system is constantly tracking the ball, the shooter, other players, and the goal frame simultaneously.

Vestibular System: Located in the inner ear, this system detects changes in head movements and helps control balance and eye movements. When a goalkeeper moves to make a save, the vestibular system helps maintain orientation and coordinates eye movements to keep the ball in focus.

Proprioceptive System: Involves sensors in muscles, joints, and skin that provide information about the position and movement of different parts of the body. This system tells the goalkeeper where their hands are without looking, where their feet are planted, and how their body is positioned in space.

In normal conditions, the brain integrates all three systems seamlessly. Visual occlusion in handball disrupts this integration deliberately, forcing the brain to recalibrate and strengthen its processing of non-visual information.

Impact of Closing the Eyes on the Brain and Balance

When you close your eyes, you remove the visual input that is crucial for the brain’s ability to accurately perceive spatial orientation and movement.

Whether you’re an athlete or not, having your eyes closed initiates a fascinating series of effects in your brain, impacting your sensory processing, balance, and spatial awareness. Here’s what happens in the absence of visual cues:

Shift in Sensory Reliance

Decreased Visual Input: Closing the eyes cuts off the visual information, which is a primary source for understanding our environment and positioning within it. For most people in most situations, vision dominates the sensory landscape. We rely on it heavily, sometimes to the detriment of our other senses.

Improved Proprioception and Vestibular Input: In the absence of visual cues, the brain compensates by placing more reliance on the proprioceptive (body awareness) and vestibular (balance) systems. This shift helps maintain spatial orientation and balance despite the lack of visual information. When training with visual occlusion in handball, goalkeepers develop stronger connections to these non-visual systems.

Increased Neural Demand for Balance and Spatial Awareness

Vestibular System Activation: With the eyes closed, the inner ear’s vestibular system, which detects balance and spatial orientation, becomes more active to help maintain equilibrium. This increased activation during training leads to stronger vestibular processing over time.

Proprioceptive Feedback Improvement: The brain also improves its processing of feedback from muscles and joints about the body’s position and movement, helping with balance without visual cues. Goalkeepers develop a more refined sense of where their body is in space, which translates to better positioning and movement quality during actual games.

Brain Adaptation and Neuroplasticity

Adaptation: The brain adapts to the lack of visual input by refining its processing of information from other senses. This can improve an athlete’s ability to perform tasks without relying heavily and only on sight. The adaptations that occur during visual occlusion in handball training persist even when full vision is restored.

Neuroplasticity: This adaptation involves neuroplasticity, where the brain’s neural networks reorganize and strengthen connections that prioritize non-visual sensory input for balance and spatial awareness. In practical terms, this means the goalkeeper’s brain becomes more efficient at processing multiple types of sensory information simultaneously.

Cognitive and Psychological Effects

Increased Cognitive Load: Initially, performing tasks with eyes closed can increase the cognitive load, making the task feel more challenging as the brain processes less familiar sensory information. This is why visual occlusion in handball should be introduced progressively rather than all at once.

Focus and Concentration: Athletes may experience heightened focus and concentration as they pay more attention to non-visual cues to compensate for the lack of sight. This focused attention transfers to normal training and game situations, where goalkeepers become more attuned to subtle cues they might otherwise miss.

Potential for Improved Sensory Integration

Improved Sensory Integration: Over time, training with eyes closed can improve the brain’s ability to integrate sensory information from the proprioceptive and vestibular systems, potentially improving an athlete’s performance in conditions where visual information is limited or unavailable. This integration improvement is one of the primary goals of visual occlusion in handball goalkeeper training.

Benefits of Visual Occlusion in Training

Using visual occlusion in handball goalkeeper training can be highly beneficial. This technique, which involves temporarily restricting the goalkeeper’s visual information, can significantly improve various aspects of their performance. Here are the key benefits and considerations:

Improved Reaction Time

Visual occlusion forces goalkeepers to rely less on visual cues and more on anticipation and instinct, which can help speed up their reaction times. By training to respond to cues other than the direct sight of the ball, goalkeepers can develop faster and more intuitive responses to shots.

The mechanism here is interesting: when visual information is limited, goalkeepers must initiate their reactions earlier in the shooting sequence. They learn to read body position, arm angle, and other pre-release cues more effectively. When full vision is restored, these anticipatory skills remain, effectively giving the goalkeeper more time to react.

Research on visual occlusion in handball and other sports consistently shows improvements in reaction time, particularly for anticipation-based responses. The goalkeeper who has trained with occlusion develops a richer mental model of shooting patterns, allowing faster recognition and response.

Improved Spatial Awareness

Without constant visual feedback, goalkeepers learn to better interpret spatial relationships and the position of the ball, opponents, and themselves relative to the goal. This heightened spatial awareness is crucial for positioning and making saves.

Spatial awareness developed through visual occlusion in handball transfers directly to game situations. Goalkeepers become more confident in their positioning because they’ve developed internal references that don’t depend entirely on visual confirmation. They know where the posts are, where the six-meter line is, and where their body is positioned without needing to look.

This internal spatial map allows goalkeepers to keep their eyes on the play rather than constantly checking their position. The visual attention that would have gone to self-positioning can now focus entirely on reading the attack.

Increased Focus and Concentration

Visual occlusion can help sharpen a goalkeeper’s mental focus and concentration. When visual information is limited, goalkeepers must pay closer attention to other sensory inputs and cues, such as the sound of the ball being struck or the movement patterns of opposing players.

The focus developed during visual occlusion in handball training creates a state of heightened awareness that goalkeepers can access during games. They become better at filtering out distractions and maintaining attention on the most relevant information. This concentration ability is particularly valuable during high-pressure moments when the tendency is for focus to narrow too much or scatter too widely.

Boosted Anticipation Skills

Goalkeepers can improve their ability to predict the trajectory of shots and movements of players. Visual occlusion training encourages the development of anticipatory skills, allowing goalkeepers to make saves based on the pattern recognition of players’ actions, movement, body and shooting arm position before a shot is taken.

Anticipation is arguably the most valuable skill for a handball goalkeeper. Given the short distances and high ball speeds in handball, pure reaction is often not enough. Visual occlusion in handball develops the anticipatory circuits in the brain by forcing goalkeepers to make decisions with incomplete information. This training effect transfers directly to game situations where complete information is never available anyway.

Expert goalkeepers differ from novices primarily in their anticipation, not their raw reaction speed. Visual occlusion training accelerates the development of expert-level anticipatory skills.

Improved Sensory Processing

Training with visual occlusion encourages the brain to process information from the vestibular and proprioceptive systems more efficiently, compensating for the lack of visual cues. This can lead to improvements in balance, coordination, and the ability to maintain orientation in space.

The sensory processing improvements from visual occlusion in handball extend beyond the specific drills used in training. Goalkeepers report feeling more “connected” to their bodies, more aware of subtle balance shifts, and more confident in their physical capabilities. These improvements support all aspects of goalkeeper performance.

Timing Visual Occlusion Training

Integrating visual occlusion into training requires strategic timing to make sure goalkeepers derive the maximum benefit without compromising other aspects of their training. This isn’t a technique you want to introduce the week before an important match. It requires time for adaptation and should be incorporated thoughtfully into the overall training plan.

Off-Season and Pre-Season: Introduce visual occlusion in handball techniques during the off-season and pre-season periods to develop cognitive skills and adaptability before the competitive season gets going. This timing allows goalkeepers to work through the initial awkwardness and build solid foundations without game pressure.

Skill Development Phases: During phases focused on developing specific skills, such as reaction time or anticipation, visual occlusion can intensify the learning process. The challenge of limited vision accelerates adaptation and creates stronger neural pathways.

Recovery Sessions: On lighter training days or during recovery sessions, visual occlusion can be used to keep cognitive skills sharp while physically resting. Many occlusion exercises can be done at low physical intensity while still providing significant cognitive challenge.

Avoid During Peak Competition: During periods of heavy competition or immediately before important matches, minimize or eliminate visual occlusion in handball training. The focus should be on confidence and execution with full sensory availability.

Individual Readiness: Pay attention to each goalkeeper’s individual adaptation to occlusion training. Some athletes adapt quickly and can handle more challenge; others need more gradual progression. There’s no universal timeline that works for everyone.

Implementing Visual Occlusion Effectively

Effective implementation of visual occlusion training requires a thoughtful approach that progressively challenges goalkeepers while ensuring their safety and engagement. Here’s how to structure visual occlusion in handball goalkeeper training:

Start With Partial Visual Occlusion

Start only with an eye-patch, or limited vision exercises. You never want to start with full visual occlusion and closing the visual field completely. Partial occlusion provides challenge while maintaining enough visual information for safety and success.

An eye-patch on one eye reduces depth perception and peripheral vision on one side while leaving substantial visual capability. This is challenging enough to create adaptation but manageable enough to maintain confidence. Visual occlusion in handball should feel challenging, not overwhelming.

Progress to more restrictive occlusion only after goalkeepers demonstrate comfort and competence with partial occlusion. This might mean several weeks of training with an eye-patch before introducing any exercises with both eyes covered.

Start With Basic Drills

Start with simpler drills that goalkeepers are already comfortable with, such as catching balls from a seated or kneeling position, to acclimatize them to the sensation of reduced visual input. The movement patterns should be familiar so the goalkeeper can focus on adapting to the changed sensory conditions.

Basic catching and throwing exercises work well as introductory visual occlusion in handball drills. The goalkeeper knows how to catch and throw; the challenge is doing it with limited vision. This combination of familiar skill and new sensory challenge creates optimal learning conditions.

Once basic drills feel comfortable, maintain them as warm-up exercises while introducing slightly more complex challenges.

Progress to Dynamic Exercises

Gradually incorporate more dynamic drills, or more goalkeeper specific drills, including save reactions to shots from various angles, to challenge and improve the goalkeeper’s ability to react with limited visual cues.

Dynamic exercises should still start at reduced intensity. A shot that would be easy with full vision might be appropriately challenging with partial occlusion. The goal is successful adaptation, not overwhelming failure. Adjust shooting speed, distance, and predictability to maintain an appropriate challenge level during visual occlusion in handball training.

As goalkeepers adapt, increase the speed and unpredictability of shots while maintaining the occlusion conditions. Eventually, occluded training should include game-realistic scenarios.

Use a Variety of Occlusion Methods

Alternate between different types of visual occlusion (e.g., covering one eye, both eyes, or using strobe glasses) to challenge the goalkeeper’s adaptability and cognitive processing in diverse ways.

Each occlusion method creates different challenges. Covering the dominant eye is different from covering the non-dominant eye. Strobe glasses (which flash between clear and opaque) create intermittent visual information. Full blindfolding (used only in controlled, safe conditions) eliminates visual information entirely.

Variety in visual occlusion in handball training prevents the brain from adapting too specifically to one condition. The goal is general improvement in sensory processing, not expertise at one particular type of restriction.

Incorporate Game-Like Scenarios

Simulate game situations with visual occlusion to improve the goalkeeper’s ability to read the game and make split-second decisions under pressure. This might include save reactions to shots from different positions, dealing with bounce shots, or handling shots from pivot players.

Game-like scenarios help transfer training adaptations to actual performance. Visual occlusion in handball becomes most valuable when the skills developed in training show up during matches. Scenario-based training creates this connection.

As goalkeepers progress, the scenarios can become more complex: multiple shooters, decision-making between save options, or dealing with screens and distractions.

Safety First

Always make sure that the training environment is safe, free of obstacles, to prevent injury during occlusion exercises when vision is partially or fully limited. This is a non-negotiable priority.

Before any visual occlusion in handball session, inspect the training area. Remove any objects that could cause tripping or collision. Ensure adequate spacing from walls, posts, and other players. Brief assistants and training partners on safety protocols.

For exercises with significant occlusion (particularly any with both eyes covered), consider having a spotter who can provide verbal guidance and physical protection if needed.

Feedback and Adaptation

Provide goalkeepers with feedback on their performance and adapt the training intensity based on their progress and comfort level with the exercises. Open communication is essential.

Ask goalkeepers how they’re experiencing visual occlusion in handball training. Are they feeling appropriately challenged? Overwhelmed? Bored? Their subjective experience guides programming decisions.

Track performance metrics when possible. Improvements in catch rates, save percentages, or reaction times provide objective evidence of adaptation. Use this data to adjust training progression.

Practical Considerations for Coaches

Beyond the specific drills and progressions, there are several practical considerations that will help you implement visual occlusion in handball effectively:

Equipment: Eye-patches are inexpensive and effective for most occlusion work. Medical-style patches that stick to the skin work well because they stay in place during movement. Cloth patches with elastic bands are also an option. For more advanced training, strobe glasses (which alternate between clear and opaque) offer unique training stimuli but are more expensive.

Duration: Visual occlusion sessions don’t need to be long. Fifteen to twenty minutes of focused occlusion work is sufficient, especially when first introducing the technique. Quality and focus matter more than duration.

Frequency: A few sessions per week incorporating visual occlusion in handball is appropriate for most training programs. This provides enough stimulus for adaptation while allowing time for neural consolidation between sessions.

Integration: Visual occlusion works best when integrated with regular goalkeeper training, not isolated as a separate program. Use occlusion variations of exercises goalkeepers already do. This helps transfer adaptations to normal training conditions.

Communication: Explain the purpose of visual occlusion to your goalkeepers. When athletes understand why they’re doing something, they engage more fully and adapt more efficiently. Share the neuroscience in accessible terms.

Video: Visual Occlusion – Alternate Hand Wall Toss With an Eye-Patch

In the video below, you can see a simple eye-hand coordination drill with visual occlusion: an alternate hand wall toss with an eye-patch.

This exercise serves as an excellent introduction to visual occlusion in handball training because it combines familiar movement patterns with the new challenge of limited vision. The wall toss is a drill most goalkeepers already know, so the cognitive resources can focus on adapting to the eye-patch rather than learning a new movement.

You can put an eye-patch on the dominant or on the non-dominant eye of a goalkeeper, and you can start with a simple one hand wall toss individually, or in pairs with two goalkeepers. Each variation creates slightly different demands on the visual and motor systems.

Why this drill works: With one eye covered, depth perception is significantly reduced. The brain must recalibrate how it judges distance based on monocular visual cues rather than binocular depth perception. This recalibration process strengthens visual processing capabilities that remain active even when both eyes are available.

Coaching points: Watch for goalkeepers who initially stand too close or too far from the wall. This indicates they’re adjusting to the changed depth perception. Let them find their optimal distance through trial rather than giving immediate corrections. The self-discovery process is part of the learning.

There are many different progressions of this simple starting drill. You can add multiple balls, either against the wall, or between two or more goalkeepers. You can increase speed. You can add cognitive challenges like calling out colors or counting. Each progression maintains the visual occlusion in handball element while adding new dimensions of difficulty.

Switching eyes: After working with the patch on one eye, switch to the other eye. Goalkeepers will often find one side significantly more difficult than the other, revealing asymmetries in their visual processing. Training both sides helps create more balanced capabilities.

Video – Eye-Hand and Visual Occlusion Drills Ideas

In the video below, you can see a few of the eye-hand and visual occlusion drills, performed while wearing an eye patch on a dominant eye. These visual occlusion in handball drills can be your inspiration for some additional ideas and options for other drills.

This video demonstrates how visual occlusion can be applied to more complex coordination patterns. The drills shown require tracking, catching, and throwing with reduced visual information, challenging the brain to compensate through improved processing of available visual cues and better proprioceptive awareness.

Why the dominant eye matters: Covering the dominant eye creates a greater disruption to normal visual processing than covering the non-dominant eye. This increased challenge forces more significant adaptation. However, training with occlusion on both eyes (separately, not simultaneously) develops more complete capabilities for visual occlusion in handball.

Progression principles: Please remember to always follow the principles of progression from easier to more complicated drills. The drills shown in this video represent intermediate difficulty. Goalkeepers should be comfortable with basic wall tosses and simple catching before attempting these patterns.

Pattern variations: The specific patterns shown can be modified infinitely. Change the number of balls, the rhythm of tosses, the direction of movement, or the catching technique. Each variation creates a new learning stimulus while maintaining the core benefit of visual occlusion in handball training.

Coordination benefits: These drills train bilateral coordination (using both hands in coordinated patterns) while also training visual adaptation. The brain must manage complex motor sequencing while processing degraded visual information. This dual challenge accelerates cognitive development.

Training volume: These pattern-based drills are cognitively demanding. Even when physical fatigue is minimal, cognitive fatigue can set in after extended practice. Keep sets relatively short (30-60 seconds of continuous work) with breaks between to maintain quality. Quality repetitions matter more than quantity for visual occlusion in handball.

Transfer to goalkeeping: The coordination and visual processing developed through these drills transfers to goalkeeper-specific movements. The brain becomes better at tracking objects, coordinating hand movements, and processing visual information efficiently. These capabilities underlie every save a goalkeeper makes.

Creating Your Own Visual Occlusion Drills

Once you understand the principles behind visual occlusion in handball, you can create custom drills tailored to your goalkeepers’ specific needs. Here are guidelines for designing effective occlusion exercises:

Start with a known drill: Take an exercise your goalkeeper already performs competently. Add visual occlusion to create challenge without introducing unfamiliar movement patterns. The familiar structure allows focus on sensory adaptation.

Match occlusion level to skill level: More restrictive occlusion requires higher baseline competence. Don’t put an eye-patch on a goalkeeper who’s still struggling with the basic movement. Make sure they can succeed before adding the occlusion challenge.

Include progression pathways: Design drills with clear ways to increase difficulty. This might mean adding balls, increasing speed, reducing rest, adding movement, or increasing occlusion. Having planned progressions helps visual occlusion in handball training evolve with the goalkeeper.

Connect to game demands: The best drills have clear relevance to what goalkeepers actually do during matches. Wall tosses develop hand-eye coordination that supports catching and deflecting. Balance exercises under occlusion improve the stability needed for save reactions.

Document what works: Keep notes on which visual occlusion in handball drills produce the best responses from your goalkeepers. Some exercises will resonate; others won’t. Build your training library based on what actually works.

In Conclusion

Closing the eyes affects the brain’s processing of sensory information, demanding greater reliance on non-visual cues for balance and spatial orientation. This not only challenges the brain to adapt and refine its sensory integration capabilities but also has the potential to improve an athlete’s overall sensory awareness, balance, and performance in their sport.

Incorporating visual occlusion in handball goalkeeper training offers a unique and effective way to improve key performance areas. It challenges goalkeepers to develop faster reaction times, better spatial awareness, and heightened anticipatory skills, making them more adaptable and efficient in their role in front of the goal. As with any training method, it should be used cautiously and as part of a comprehensive training program tailored to the individual needs and abilities of the goalkeeper.

Visual occlusion training offers a cutting-edge approach to refining the cognitive and anticipatory skills of handball goalkeepers. By challenging goalkeepers to rely less on their visual sense and more on their mental faculties and other senses, this training method can significantly improve their in-game performance. Implementing visual occlusion in handball thoughtfully and progressively into training can lead to goalkeepers who are more adaptable, focused, and capable of making the split-second decisions needed in a match.

The science behind visual occlusion is solid, and the practical applications are accessible to coaches at all levels. You don’t need expensive equipment or specialized facilities. An eye-patch and thoughtful programming are enough to get started. The goalkeepers who train with visual occlusion in handball develop capabilities that give them real advantages when the game is on the line.

Start simple, progress gradually, prioritize safety, and watch as your goalkeepers develop the kind of sensory integration and anticipatory skills that elevate their performance to new levels.

Resources

• Postural Stability in Goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team
• Visual occlusion techniques to understand the role of vision
• Does training with visual occlusion improve technical skills in Under-14 football players?
• Visual occlusion effects on youth football players’ performance during small-sided games
• The Impact of a Spatial Occlusion Training Intervention on Pass Accuracy across a Continuum of Representative Experimental Design in Football

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